These terms are new to me in any event. Watching the weather obsessively this week, I've learned these things:
- Frost Quakes. It seems these have occurred in many of our cities which have been hit by the minus temperatures. They are loud explosion type booms which can make the ground shake. Frost quakes happen "when water trapped underground freezes suddenly as the temperature drops, causing it to expand. All that rapidly expanding water underground can split rocks and put stress on the soil, causing loud booms." Lots of reports on these this week.
- Bubbles freese in sub zero or near zero temperatures. This takes some practice according to those who do this, but it starts with getting some soap bubbles like you find in the toy aisle or better yet, make your own. "Every bubble is made up of three individual layers: a thin layer of water molecules squished between two layers of soap. It might look like the entire surface of the bubble is freezing, but what you’re actually seeing is the innermost layer of water—which freezes at warmer temperatures than soapy water—turning to ice within the film." The bubbles don't last long and when cracks in the surface begin the bubbles explode into crystals.
- Boiling water turns into snow. Get some boiling water into a pot or bowl or cup and toss it up into very cold outdoor air. It immediately explodes into snow.
- Halo around the sun has been noticed by many this week. It happens when thin, wispy, cirrus clouds move in front of the sun. Cirrus clouds are made of ice crystals and are much higher up in the atmosphere than the big puffy cumulus clouds. If the cirrus clouds pass in front of the sun, the sun's light refracts from the ice crystals and creates the illusion of a halo.
- Setting train tracks on fire. I saw this going on in Chicago from lots of news outlets yesterday. Railroad workers in Chicago were setting the tracks on fire. Why? "Tracks are affected by extreme cold in two ways.In some cases the tracks experience what's called "pull-aparts." This kind of rail defect occurs when two rails separate at their connection. The extreme cold shrinks the metal and the rails literally pull apart from each other and Heating the tracks with fire expands the metal until the two rails can be put back together again. The tracks aren't really set on fire, it just looks that way. The flames actually come from gas-fed heaters that run alongside the rails and keep them warm.